Historical

148 articles

Fiat Currency Graveyard: A History of Monetary Folly

This article has been moved to the Gini Foundation website . The Gini Foundation is focused on building cryptographically secure technologies that protect human rights, provide...

This Is How Democracy Dies

Self-Censorship Destroys Accountability and Democracy. A free society and a free press are required to protect citizens from government and corporate tyranny. But when five giga...

Do You Need More Proof?

This article is a follow-up to Is U.S. Foreign Policy Controlled by Corporations? No matter how much evidence you present to some people, they still cannot escape their propagan...

Is U.S. Foreign Policy Controlled by Corporations?

In the Beginning. . . American foreign policy has been an influential driver of global economic and geopolitical affairs for over two centuries. After the ratification of the U....

Economics, Cryptocurrencies, & Politics

Ancient Roots. The interdependent fields of modern Economics and Political Economy today are the result of thousands of years of accumulated economic ideas and philosophical inq...

Meet the Real Adam Smith

Most people have never read Adam Smith’s book, The Wealth of Nations ; and far fewer have read the complete, unabridged version, which exceeds 1,100 pages. This is understandabl...

Economic Liberalism vs. Political Liberalism

To avoid political and ideological confusion and to ensure that our analysis remains as objective and politically neutral as possible in the articles and books I write, it’s imp...

Classical Liberalism vs. Neoliberalism

The difference between “Classical Liberalism” and “Neoliberalism” is confusing to many people; so, let’s briefly summarize these terms and some of the people and ideas associate...

Neoliberal Case Study: Chile

This article was originally in my recent book, GINI: Capitalism, Cryptocurrencies, and the Battle for Human Rights . However, some people said it was too data-heavy for the book...

Neoliberal Case Study: The United States

This article was originally in my recent book, GINI: Capitalism, Cryptocurrencies, and the Battle for Human Rights . However, some people said it was too data-heavy for the book...

We Are Paying the Price for Realpolitik

Many American political scientists and commentators seem to be oblivious to the long history of American intervention in Syria since the late 1940s. They also seem to ignore wes...

What Is Our "National Interest"?

I was recently asked, "Why is the U.S. Government involved in Afghanistan?" Aside from the idiotic "War on Terror" justification given by the Bush, Obama, and Trump Administrati...

What Would the USA's Founders Do in the Middle East Today?

I was asked that question recently. Here was my response: For the first 123 years of the USA's existence, the U.S. Founding Fathers and all U.S. presidents were committed to: "p...

The Creation of the Euro & the Role of the USD

This presentation was produced for a university lecture that I gave. It covers the basic mechanics of the global currency exchange rate system. I was asked to critique another e...

The Atomic Bomb & the Obliteration of Moral Authority

With the benefit of hindsight, it’s often easy to second-guess historically important decisions. World War II is filled with many momentous decisions taken by the Allied Powers...

Poverty & Genocide: Fueled by Psychological Distancing

Gang Behavior. Have you ever been a member of a street gang fighting rival gangs over gangland territory? How about a sports team gang preparing to demolish the other guys ? A c...

Capitalism & Cyborgs: Making Humanity More Resilient

I recently had a conversation with a colleague about the clash between science and ethics. Below is a brief summary of my response to him. The Concept of Eugenics Highlights the...

The Birth of the Modern Welfare State

The modern age in the field of Economics was born from the destruction of Europe in World War I. That war inspired a young British economist—John Maynard Keynes—to closely exami...

The Secret History of the War on Drugs

The “War on Drugs” Begins. In 1971, U.S. President Nixon declared the “War on Drugs” . He said, “America’s public enemy number one in the United States is drug abuse,” but Nixon...

The Truth About North Korea

If you have not seen this thought-provoking, free film on YouTube , please watch it. As you watch it, try to block out all your preconceived notions about North Korea, the Unite...

The Collapse of the Human Labor Force

The Job Apocalypse. It’s difficult to understand and appreciate why the U.S. and global economies are in so much trouble today without understanding the truth about the unemploy...

Are We in a Propaganda Bubble?

Paths to Truth or Fiction? There can be many paths to truth, but truth only exists when it's supported by verifiable facts. When a given path (e.g., in alphabetical order, Al Ja...

Ayn Rand's Welfare Secret

The Birth of an Ayn Rand Disciple. I was an avid fan of Ayn Rand for most of my life. I devoured her books, including Atlas Shrugged , Anthem , and her nonfiction essays. I thou...

Has Globalism Worked for Indonesia?

Is Indonesia’s free trade policy today achieving broadly shared prosperity? If it is, then we should see economic and human health outcomes that result in the broad creation and...

Crowd Wisdom & The Memory Hole

Introduction to LibroGod. A friend of mine (I'll call him LibroGod.) is an accomplished business person and a fanatical connoisseur of "important books." LibroGod has collected...

Belgium's Political Economy

This was a research project that I worked on with several colleagues to evaluate the economic and political conditions in Belgium. Belgium has a very unique political culture an...

Proof of Google Censorship & a Path to Freedom

My professional life depends on rationally separating facts from fiction, evidence-based economic analysis, data-driven decision-making, and real-world experience. In fact, I’ve...

Political Party Systems in Germany vs. France

Germany has such an extraordinary level of institutional integrity and higher quality governance than virtually any nation on Earth. So I spent some time studying their system a...

Truth & Reconciliation: Germany vs. Japan After WWII

This has always been an interesting philosophical and cultural question: After World War II, in general, why did German society accept responsibility for Nazi atrocities while J...

The Virus That Spawns the Disease of Terrorism

What International Relations framework is most capable of dealing with global terrorism in the 21 st Century and beyond? This is a question I have been asked several times. Ther...

What's Really Wrong with the Banking System?

Many people have a vague sense that the financial system is broken and corrupt, but they often don't know how to explain exactly what is wrong. This is understandable because th...

The Switzerland of South America: "Freedom or Death"

“Freedom or death” is Uruguay’s national motto. Those three words give us meaningful insight into Uruguay’s national psyche, its cultural affinity for the principles of civil li...

The Mechanics of a Global Wealth Transfer

Economic Models Collapse in the Real World. Economic neoliberalism is a theoretical economic framework that many academics and political and business leaders like to promote bec...

Transnational Economic Cannibals

The Genesis of Today’s Global Economy. When the international trade regime (GATT, WTO, NAFTA, etc.) that dominates the world today was created between 1947 and the 1990s, it was...

The Rise of Nuclear Trump

Americans Have a Choice Between Two Insane Options. They are forced to choose between an insane foreign policy and an insane nuclear weapons policy . Recently, I had a conversat...

Why Aren't There More Women in Politics?

The Nature vs. Nurture False Dichotomy. It requires a kind of religious zealotry or willful blindness to believe that biology is the primary determinant of social behaviors and...

Warning: Risk of Death to Your Economy

Dangerous Products Should Have Warning Labels. Products that come with plastic bags that can suffocate and kill children have warning labels. Economic policies that can suffocat...

The Twin Tyrannies of the United Nations

There are two fundamental problems with the United Nations: representation and cost allocation. The problems can be summarized as follows: UN General Assembly Representation – T...

China’s IMF Victory: A 1,400-Year Journey

The Inventor of Fiat Money Finally Joins the Global Fiat Money Cartel. The Chinese currency (Yuan) has finally joined the elite club of national currencies in the IMF’s Special...

Abortion & the Value of Human Life

Value Systems Should be Based on Facts. The values of a society are either based on facts or they are not. If values are not based on facts, then they are based on delusions, fa...

Unknown Truth or Untrue Conspiracy?

Why is Truth Often Disregarded as a Conspiracy Theory? This is an important question because a society that can't distinguish between truth and untrue conspiracy will inevitably...

The Mind of a Corrupt Organization

In " Unknown Truth or Untrue Conspiracy? ” and “ Is Institutional Corruption Only a Conspiracy Theory? ” we learned about some of the most shocking government and corporate “con...

Is Institutional Corruption Only a Conspiracy Theory?

This article is intended as a map to hundreds of documented sources of government and corporate corruption and malfeasance. From now on, if you ever see anybody say, “It’s not t...

A Snapshot of Winston Churchill

Winston Churchill was a British politician, military veteran, journalistic war correspondent, and Nobel Prize-winning author of numerous historical and literary works. He served...

The Versailles Treaty and Its Discontents

The hostilities between Germany and the Allied Powers during World War I officially ended with the signing of an armistice on November 18, 1918. Thereafter, the Treaty of Versai...

The Fall of Hard Power

The Biggest Mistake of the 20 th Century. “If we can’t persuade nations with comparable values of the merit of our cause, we’d better re-examine our reasoning,” said Robert McNa...

How Did Hitler Rise to Power so Quickly?

I've seen many people ask questions like, "How was it possible for Hitler to amass so much power so quickly without any resistance from the other European countries?" This is an...

Distortions in the Incentivesphere Destroy Nations

Spheres of Reality. The composition of this world can be analyzed and defined in many ways. There is the sphere of economics, the sphere of politics, and other social science sp...

How Does the Federal Reserve Really Work?

Preface. To avoid any confusion, I want to emphasize up-front that all the functions of the Federal Reserve (and any central bank) are entirely unnecessary in an economy based o...

What Caused the Great Depression? (Part 3)

Americans Are Sentenced to Generational Debtor's Prison. As we learned in Part 1 and Part 2 of this "What Caused the Great Depression?" series, specific humans in the U.S. Congr...

What Caused the Great Depression? (Part 2)

Too Much Debt. The total private debt-to-GDP ratio in the United States was nearly 300% by the time the Great Depression started in 1929. In fact, “never before in this country...

What Caused the Great Depression? (Part 1)

Bad Diagnosis Leads to Bad Solutions. This is the most important question that any person can ask if they want to understand how an economy works and what is wrong with their ec...

A Sorrowful Political Party Prison

Rise of the Political Party Machines. The two-party political system in the United States has not always existed. The U.S. Constitution contains nothing about political parties...

Exploiting Sick Americans to Subsidize Foreign Wars is Bad Policy

The CIA, Crack Cocaine, and the Sabotage of Nicaragua. During the 1980s the White House and several influential members of Congress gave explicit and detailed orders to the Stat...

Biology to Geopolitics: Evolving International Relations

The Pain-Pleasure Principle in Geopolitics. All behavior in the animal kingdom is governed by the avoidance of pain and the pursuit of pleasure. As we ascend from the primitive...

Power, Hegemony, and Geopolitical Balance

Should a State Seek Hegemony? “Hegemony” should be defined before discussing this topic. My definition: “Hegemony describes a dominant state’s capacity to compel other states in...

The Truth About Iraq: No End In Sight

Whenever I watch documentaries like “ No End In Sight ” that illustrate the gross incompetence and corruption in the U.S. Government’s (USG) senior political leadership ranks, I...

Thomas Jefferson's First Inaugural Address

March 4, 1801 FRIENDS AND FELLOW-CITIZENS, Called upon to undertake the duties of the first executive office of our country, I avail myself of the presence of that portion of my...

George Washington's Farewell Address (1796)

Friends and Citizens: The period for a new election of a citizen to administer the executive government of the United States being not far distant, and the time actually arrived...

Federalist 85

Concluding Remarks From McLEAN'S Edition, New York. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State of New York: ACCORDING to the formal division of the subject of these p...

Federalist 84

Certain General and Miscellaneous Objections to the Constitution Considered and Answered From McLEAN'S Edition, New York. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State o...

Federalist 83

The Judiciary Continued in Relation to Trial by Jury From McLEAN'S Edition, New York. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State of New York: THE objection to the pla...

Federalist 82

The Judiciary Continued From McLEAN'S Edition, New York. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State of New York: THE erection of a new government, whatever care or wi...

Federalist 81

The Judiciary Continued, and the Distribution of the Judicial Authority From McLEAN'S Edition, New York. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State of New York: LET U...

Federalist 80

The Powers of the Judiciary From McLEAN'S Edition, New York. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State of New York: To JUDGE with accuracy of the proper extent of th...

Federalist 79

The Judiciary Department Continued From McLEAN'S Edition, New York. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State of New York: NEXT to permanency in office, nothing can...

Federalist 78

The Judiciary Department From McLEAN'S Edition, New York. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State of New York: WE PROCEED now to an examination of the judiciary de...

Federalist 77

The Appointing Power Continued and Other Powers of the Executive Considered From the New York Packet. Friday, April 4, 1788. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the Stat...

Federalist 76

The Appointing Power of the Executive From the New York Packet. Tuesday, April 1, 1788. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State of New York: THE President is "to N...

Federalist 75

The Treaty Making Power of the Executive For the Independent Journal Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State of New York: THE President is to have power, "by and w...

Federalist 74

The Command of the Military and Naval Forces, and the Pardoning Power of the Executive From the New York Packet Tuesday, March 25, 1788. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People...

Federalist 73

The Provision For The Support of the Executive, and the Veto Power From the New York Packet Friday, March 21, 1788. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State of New...

Federalist 72

The Same Subject Continued, and Re-Eligibility of the Executive Considered From the New York Packet Friday, March 21, 1788. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State...

Federalist 71

The Duration in Office of the Executive From the New York Packet Tuesday, March 18, 1788. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State of New York: DURATION in office h...

Federalist 70

The Executive Department Further Considered From the New York Packet Tuesday, March 18, 1788. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State of New York: THERE is an idea...

Federalist 69

The Real Character of the Executive From the New York Packet Friday, March 14, 1788. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State of New York: I PROCEED now to trace th...

Federalist 68

The Mode of Electing the President From the New York Packet Friday, March 14, 1788. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State of New York: THE mode of appointment of...

Federalist 67

The Executive Department From the New York Packet Tuesday, March 11, 1788. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State of New York: THE constitution of the executive d...

Federalist 66

Objections to the Power of the Senate To Set as a Court for Impeachments Further Considered From the New York Packet. Tuesday, March 11, 1788. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the...

Federalist 65

The Powers of the Senate Continued From the New York Packet. Friday, March 7, 1788. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State of New York: THE remaining powers which...

Federalist 64

The Powers of the Senate From the New York Packet. Friday, March 7, 1788. Author: John Jay To the People of the State of New York: IT IS a just and not a new observation, that e...

Federalist 63

The Senate Continued For the Independent Journal. Author: Alexander Hamilton or James Madison To the People of the State of New York: A FIFTH desideratum, illustrating the utili...

Federalist 62

The Senate For the Independent Journal. Author: Alexander Hamilton or James Madison To the People of the State of New York: HAVING examined the constitution of the House of Repr...

Federalist 61

The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members From the New York Packet. Tuesday, February 26, 1788. Author: Alexander Hamilton...

Federalist 60

The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members From the New York Packet. Tuesday, February 26, 1788. Author: Alexander Hamilton...

Federalist 59

Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members From the New York Packet. Friday, February 22, 1788. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State o...

Federalist 58

Objection That The Number of Members Will Not Be Augmented as the Progress of Population Demands Considered Author: James Madison To the People of the State of New York: THE rem...

Federalist 57

The Alleged Tendency of the New Plan to Elevate the Few at the Expense of the Many Considered in Connection with Representation From the New York Packet. Tuesday, February 19, 1...

Federalist 56

The Same Subject Continued: The Total Number of the House of Representatives From the New York Packet. Tuesday, February 19, 1788. Author: Alexander Hamilton or James Madison To...

Federalist 55

The Total Number of the House of Representatives From the New York Packet. Friday, February 15, 1788. Author: Alexander Hamilton or James Madison To the People of the State of N...

Federalist 54

The Apportionment of Members Among the States From the New York Packet. Tuesday, February 12, 1788. Author: Alexander Hamilton or James Madison To the People of the State of New...

Federalist 53

The Same Subject Continued: The House of Representatives From the New York Packet. Tuesday, February 12, 1788. Author: Alexander Hamilton or James Madison To the People of the S...

Federalist 52

The House of Representatives From the New York Packet. Friday, February 8, 1788. Author: Alexander Hamilton or James Madison To the People of the State of New York: FROM the mor...

Federalist 51

The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments From the New York Packet. Friday, February 8, 1788. Author: Alexand...

Federalist 50

Periodic Appeals to the People Considered From the New York Packet. Tuesday, February 5, 1788. Author: Alexander Hamilton or James Madison To the People of the State of New York...

Federalist 49

Method of Guarding Against the Encroachments of Any One Department of Government by Appealing to the People Through a Convention From the New York Packet. Tuesday, February 5, 1...

Federalist 48

These Departments Should Not Be So Far Separated as to Have No Constitutional Control Over Each Other From the New York Packet. Friday, February 1, 1788. Author: James Madison T...

Federalist 47

The Particular Structure of the New Government and the Distribution of Power Among Its Different Parts From the New York Packet. Friday, February 1, 1788. Author: James Madison...

Federalist 46

The Influence of the State and Federal Governments Compared From the New York Packet. Tuesday, January 29, 1788. Author: James Madison To the People of the State of New York: RE...

Federalist 45

The Alleged Danger From the Powers of the Union to the State Governments Considered For the Independent Journal. Author: James Madison To the People of the State of New York: HA...

Federalist 44

Restrictions on the Authority of the Several States From the New York Packet. Friday, January 25, 1788. Author: James Madison To the People of the State of New York: A FIFTH cla...

Federalist 43

The Same Subject Continued: The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered For the Independent Journal. Author: James Madison To the People of the State of New York...

Federalist 42

The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered From the New York Packet. Tuesday, January 22, 1788. Author: James Madison To the People of the State of New York: TH...

Federalist 41

General View of the Powers Conferred by the Constitution For the Independent Journal. Author: James Madison To the People of the State of New York: THE Constitution proposed by...

Federalist 40

The Powers of the Convention to Form a Mixed Government Examined and Sustained From the New York Packet. Friday, January 18, 1788. Author: James Madison To the People of the Sta...

Federalist 39

The Conformity of the Plan to Republican Principles For the Independent Journal. Author: James Madison To the People of the State of New York: THE last paper having concluded th...

Federalist 38

The Same Subject Continued, and the Incoherence of the Objections to the New Plan Exposed From the New York Packet. Tuesday, January 15, 1788. Author: James Madison To the Peopl...

Federalist 37

Concerning the Difficulties of the Convention in Devising a Proper Form of Government From the Daily Advertiser. Friday, January 11, 1788. Author: James Madison To the People of...

Federalist 36

The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation From the New York Packet. Tuesday, January 8, 1788. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State of...

Federalist 35

The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation For the Independent Journal. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State of New York: BEFORE we pr...

Federalist 34

The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation From the New York Packet. Friday, January 4, 1788. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State of...

Federalist 33

The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation From the Daily Advertiser. Thursday, January 3, 1788 Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State o...

Federalist 32

The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation From the Daily Advertiser. Thursday, January 3, 1788. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State...

Federalist 31

The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation From the New York Packet. Tuesday, January 1, 1788. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State of...

Federalist 30

Concerning the General Power of Taxation From the New York Packet. Friday, December 28, 1787. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State of New York: IT HAS been alre...

Federalist 29

Concerning the Militia From the Daily Advertiser. Thursday, January 10, 1788 Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State of New York: THE power of regulating the milit...

Federalist 28

The Same Subject Continued: The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered For the Independent Journal. Author: Alexander Hamilton...

Federalist 27

The Same Subject Continued: The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered From the New York Packet. Tuesday, December 25, 1787. Au...

Federalist 26

The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered For the Independent Journal. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State o...

Federalist 25

The Same Subject Continued: The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered From the New York Packet. Friday, December 21, 1787. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the...

Federalist 24

The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered For the Independent Journal. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State of New York: To THE powers propo...

Federalist 23

The Necessity of a Government as Energetic as the One Proposed to the Preservation of the Union From the New York Packet. Tuesday, December 18, 1787. Author: Alexander Hamilton...

Federalist 22

The Same Subject Continued: Other Defects of the Present Confederation From the New York Packet. Friday, December 14, 1787. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State...

Federalist 21

Other Defects of the Present Confederation For the Independent Journal. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State of New York: HAVING in the three last numbers taken...

Federalist 20

The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union From the New York Packet. Tuesday, December 11, 1787. Author: Alexander Hamilton...

Federalist 19

The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union For the Independent Journal. Author: Alexander Hamilton and James Madison To the...

Federalist 18

The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union For the Independent Journal. Author: Alexander Hamilton and James Madison To the...

Federalist 17

The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union For the Independent Journal. Tuesday, December 4, 1787. Author: Alexander Hamilt...

Federalist 16

The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union From the New York Packet. Tuesday, December 4, 1787. Author: Alexander Hamilton...

Federalist 15

The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union For the Independent Journal. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State of New York: IN THE cours...

Federalist 14

Objections to the Proposed Constitution From Extent of Territory Answered From the New York Packet. Friday, November 30, 1787. Author: James Madison To the People of the State o...

Federalist 13

Advantage of the Union in Respect to Economy in Government For the Independent Journal. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State of New York: As CONNECTED with the...

Federalist 12

The Utility of the Union In Respect to Revenue From the New York Packet. Tuesday, November 27, 1787. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State of New York: THE effec...

Federalist 11

The Utility of the Union in Respect to Commercial Relations and a Navy For the Independent Journal. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State of New York: THE import...

Federalist 10

The Same Subject Continued: The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection From the New York Packet. Friday, November 23, 1787. Author: James Madison To the...

Federalist 09

The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection For the Independent Journal. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State of New York: A FIRM Union w...

Federalist 08

The Consequences of Hostilities Between the States From the New York Packet. Tuesday, November 20, 1787. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State of New York: ASSUM...

Federalist 07

The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States For the Independent Journal. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State of New York...

Federalist 06

Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States For the Independent Journal. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State of New York: THE three last numbers of...

Federalist 05

The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence For the Independent Journal. Author: John Jay To the People of the State of New York: QUEEN ANNE,...

Federalist 04

The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence For the Independent Journal. Author: John Jay To the People of the State of New York: MY LAST pap...

Federalist 03

The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers From Foreign Force and Influence For the Independent Journal. Author: John Jay To the People of the State of New York: IT IS not a...

Federalist 02

Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence For the Independent Journal. Author: John Jay To the People of the State of New York: WHEN the people of America reflect that...

Federalist 01

General Introduction For the Independent Journal. Author: Alexander Hamilton To the People of the State of New York: AFTER an unequivocal experience of the inefficiency of the s...

United States Bill of Rights

Amendment I Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or...

The Federalist Papers (Index)

Federalist 01 - General Introduction (Hamilton) Federalist 02 - Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence (Jay) Federalist 03 - The Same Subject Continued (Jay) (Conce...

United States Declaration of Independence

(Introduction) IN CONGRESS, July 4, 1776. The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen United States of America, When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one pe...

United States Constitution

Preamble We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the g...